劳伦斯·萨默斯教授于北大精彩演讲稿
文章摘要:哈佛大学校长劳伦斯·萨默斯教授受哈佛大学盛情邀请,并做出精彩演讲,让在座的不少教师及学子获益匪浅。以下是劳伦斯·萨默斯教授演讲的内容:
闵校长、许校长,感谢你们热情洋溢的讲话,感谢你们对我所表示的热情友好,也感谢你们对哈佛大学代表团表示出的热情友好。
我相信,哈佛大学代表团这次北京之行是有史以来我们访问代表团。我认为,这表明了中国在21世纪的世界舞台上的重要性。这也表明了我们共同的努力:追求知识,教书育人。能来到中国和全世界最好的大学之一访问,我感到万分激动。更令我高兴的是我能有机会与这么多的学子谈谈他们将要继承的这个世界。
如果你们认真思考我们在大学所做的一切,如果你们能认真思考全球化这一现象,我想我们今天的特殊地位和全球化现象已清楚地表明全世界正在进行一种深刻的转变。这就是:与以前相比,知识对人类活动的每一方面来说都变得越来越重要。想想我们周围的一些例子。我坚信,两个世纪以后,当今天所发生的一切被载入史册的时候,柏林墙的倒塌和冷战的结束只能在历史书中被放在第二位。被放在第一位的应该是二十世纪后五十年中,十几亿或者是近二十亿人迈入了现代化的社会;是十年之内人们的生活水平双倍的增长,而且又是在十年之内亿万人们的生活水平发生了增长。我相信,在人类历史的第二个千年,这一事件足以与文艺复兴和工业革命相媲美。
这些增长的中心是什么?这个中心是中国。中国在近两个世纪以来,发生了巨大的变化。这个中心也是知识,是知识的传播和扩散,因为在欧洲和北美洲根本找不到一个国家能象中国一样在上一个十年之中以及上上一个十年中有如此快的增长速度。
这反映了现代科技为融合提供了巨大的机会。这也反映了知识的力量。有些事是值得我们思考的:我们现在生活在这样一个人类历史阶段,科学有能搞明白疾病产生过程的潜力。在我们在座的人能看到的日子里,科学有潜力在每一个分子的层面上搞明白是什么地方出了毛病,是什么让人类痛苦和死亡,并且能发现一些可操作的方式,找到治疗这些疾病的办法。在我们活着的这一时代,我们能够比其它任何人类历史上的时代更有能看到医学进步发展的潜力。
这一切还与什么有关呢?它还与知识的增加有关。我们知道知识是在不断增加,知道学术研究的过程,也知道知识在寻找其并不明显的用途的过程。我们知道善于发现新奇事物这种天赋的作用;我们也知道各种机构的作用。
让我对知识进行一个总的评论,这就是,你根本没有办法说出最有用的知识是从何而来的,你无法预测它来自何处;你也无法设计一些程序来找到最有用的知识的形式是什么。
让我给大家举两个截然不同的例子。也许从某些方面来说,我们在大学教授的最抽象的科目是数学。也许在数学领域中被运用的最少的是数字理论,即对数字的研究。你们中间任何一个发过email的人都会从在近二十五年中发现的数字理论中获益,因为关于素数(译者注,术语:只能被1和该数本身整除的数)的研究是编码计算程序的基础,这种计算程序是今天每一方面的电子通讯和电子交流的基础。这些,都来自于我们所拥有的最抽象的一类知识。
我再给大家举一个与此完全不同的例子。这个例子来自于局势很困难的那部分世界,而且,从某种意义上来说,今天我们举这个例子似乎有些奇怪。这些年来,美国对世界和平所做出的巨大贡献之一就是1978年在戴维营就中东冲突在以巴双方达成的协议。很显然,我们并不是今天中东地区和平的唯一途径,但是那是通向稳定的重要的一步,据参与过这次谈判的人说,我们的总统所具有的一种能力是他能促成以巴和平的关键。这种能力就是他能从每一个被争议地点的《圣经》名称及其在《圣经》中的作用谈起。对宗教的研究和对2000年前历史的研究,看来抽象和深奥,然而,这些知识对一个关键的、实际的成就来说是很重要的。
人们可以不停地从大学的几乎每一知识领域来谈论知识的重要性,但是,我认为有一类知识是我们很难掌握的,那就是预测哪一类型的研究、哪一类型的纯理论的探索会对未来社会做出最巨大的贡献。但是,同样地,正因为我们不能预言到哪一类型的知识会对我们的社会做出巨大贡献,我们才能有信心地预言,新知识、新观点、新方法和聪明的想法对我们的未来是很重要的。
很显然,这种对知识创新的追求不只是越来越多地出现在大学里,而且出现在商业机构的运作中,这些非常实际并为利润驱动的机构在我们这个社会里为自己做着筹划。不久以前有一次,我与美国一个名牌大学的天体物理学教授聊天,他问我,哪个机构雇用的博士毕业生最多。我认为,有可能是哈佛大学,也有可能是某个天文台。而他给我的答案是摩根·斯坦利,美国投资银行。这家银行过去一直在搜寻那些极其有资质,非常有能力做数量研究的人才,因为这些人能在金融市场上发挥很大的作用。
的确,如果我们看看这些一流的商业机构,我们就会发现他们正在不断地寻找非常有创造力、受过最好的教育、资质超群的人。的确,如果我们看看世界上一流的机构,我们就会发现他们越来越多地开始具有一流大学的一些特质。
那么,一流大学最典型的特色是什么?首先:思想的价值是通过思想者所拥有的品质来判断的,而不是通过他们的地位来判断的。哈佛大学的教授希望他们的学生能做一些创新的东西。当学生做研究验证某一教授提出的假设或理论时,这个教授当然希望这项研究结果出来后会证实他的假设而不是推翻它。教授也是人。然而,无论研究的结果是什么,这个教授会坚持认为这项研究很重要,值得一做,值得提出,也值得发表。我们哈佛大学有些教授对进化论的本质、环境问题和经济问题有他们独特的见解;但是每一个教授都坚持认为大学的职责就是雇佣一流的、最有发展前途的学者加入他们的院系,无论这些学者是否赞同他们的研究成果。
这种强调以质量来判断思想的做法正在走向全世界。商业领域的人们谈到统治集团的消亡、谈到团队精神的重要性在增加、谈到强调创造力的重要性。我敢说,这种通过质量而不是来源来判断思想的方法对近二十几年发生在中国的革命至关重要,它也对中国社会所取得的巨大进步至关重要。
大学所承担的第二个重要的任务是对视角多样化的承诺,不管这个人来自于什么背景,只要他能为我们的卓越做出贡献,我们就愿意招徕他。这一点也正在被更广泛的世界努力赶上。这也一直是我们哈佛大学不断追求探索的东西。一个世纪以前,哈佛大学是一个出身富裕家庭的绅士培育来自新英格兰富裕家庭的年轻绅士的地方。它不向上过公立学校的学生开放;也不向黑人学生开放,也不向女生开放;也不向出生在美国大部分地方的学生开放。就在半个世纪以前,有些哈佛教员由于他们的宗教信仰不同而被迫离开学校。哈佛大学对某些团体也有限制,因为如果不限制这些团体,它们就会变得太多,会使人们觉得不舒服。
现在,哈佛是一所非常开放的大学,无论是男生或是女生、无论你的信仰是什么、无论你来自哪个种族、无论你来自美国的哪个州,也无论你来自世界上的哪个国家,任何人都可以进入哈佛大学。但是,如果我们想更加包容和开放,如果我们想从多样化视角所带来的好处中受益,或者更进一步地说,如果我们想把最优秀的学生和老师吸引到哈佛大学来,我们仍然还有很远的路要走。我们必须把我们抛向杰出人材的网张的越大越好。
正如大学的演变一样,最优秀和最尖端的商业机构、领导的最好的一些国家的政府,都不再根据人际关系来挑选少数的精英,而是转向发现最有才能的人、最能给他们做出贡献的人。在这方面,我们也有很长的路要走。但是,我们正在进步,我们的进步在很大一部分上是基于大学的模式。
第三个区别是大学里最真实、最特殊的一点,但是这一点在各种各样的机构中也越来越重要。在这一点上,也许大学和中国有一些相似之处,这也就是:强调从长远的眼光来看问题。当我们考虑一项学术研究时,我们追求的不只是判断它明天的影响、下一周、下一个月或下一年的影响,我们追求的是从长远来看,为最终能产生最大影响的知识做贡献。
越来越多的一流的商业机构、社会中一流的团体,不仅在尽量快速地前进来利用各种各样的机会,而且还重视长期效益,他们都在投资一些不只在明天,而是在将来会产生影响的思想。
让我给大家举一个例子来说明三十年前在美国根本不可能发生的事情。美国的生物工程如果从其市场价值来看,现在值几千亿美元。在美国的历史上,从来没有哪一年创造过这么高的利润。这一切是怎么发生的?这是因为人们看到了它将会带来的潜能,他们有长远的眼光。他们进行了投资,正如大学所在做的一样。当大学引进一流的学者,让他们充分发挥其想象力时,尽量不去指挥他们,依靠这种想法,从长远来看,正是这些一流学者的知识才会有价值。
这是大学最根本的信仰,这是在美国已经成功的信仰,而且,我认为,它会给任何想追随这一信仰的人带来成功。美国所授予的主要专利中大约有75%,从很重要的方面来讲,是从以大学为基础的研究中获得灵感的。来自世界各地在美国大学学习的学生的愿望就是让不为谋求利润、自然也不用“竟争”一词的大学,同美国所拥有的任何一种出口业务比起来一样成功。
那么,是什么促使美国大学成功?我们现在关于创办一流大学的最佳见解是什么?我想就这个问题的几个方面进行探讨,我还想就大学未来发展所面临的一些挑战进行探讨。
首先,大学应该不受政治和外界控制的干扰。在哈佛大学,无论是马萨诸塞州的州长还是美国总统都根本没有权力决定谁应该被任命为经济学教授、工程学教授或医学教授,他们根本没有权力为他们的朋友或自己的目的在哈佛大学指手划脚。
让我告诉大家一些其它的重要的东西,我认为这也是为什么大学能够成功的很重要的一部分。我们有一些人在赚钱这方面非常成功。他们在经济方面为哈佛大学做出过巨大的贡献。有时,我们用他们的名字来命名学校的建筑物;有时我们用他们的名字来命名一些项目;有时我们还用他们的名字来命名一些教授职位。今天早上当介绍我的一些同事时,你们可能已经注意到他们中很多人的教授职位前都有挂名:有人被称作克芬斯汀数学教授,有人被称为斯蒂姆森法学教授,还有其他一些教授职位也被提到过。但是有一点我是可以明确告诉大家的:你可以到哈佛大学,提出承诺要为一个数学教授、政治学教授或法学教授提供资助;但是你无权告诉哈佛大学谁应该被任命为这一教授,或这个教授必须信奉什么。如果你这么做,我们就会说,而且我们也曾经说过:“把你的钱拿到其他学校去。把你的钱拿到别的地方去。”我之所以强调这一点是因为,我认为,要理解创造智力卓越的源泉,这是创办一流大学最基础的东西。
对创办一流大学至关重要的第二点是:这些大学在极力地争夺最优秀的人材。早些时候,在中国的一次聚会上,有人问我,对于想创建世界一流大学的人,我能给点什么建议。我说,从长远来看,要想创建一流大学,只有一件事是非常重要的,那就是要拥有最具创造力、最积极思考、最聪明的师资。我说,如果一个大学能够成功地找到一流的年轻学者,吸引他们留在大学工作,他们就会发现一些一流的学者和一流的学生就会朝这些一流学者涌去;很多研究基金也会涌向这些一流学者。最终,成为一流大学的承诺是一定会实现的。
创造一流意味着不能有完全同等对待每个人的观念;创造一流意味着要有这样一种观念,那就是:拥有最新思想的人一定是那些拥有最具威胁思想的人,而且学校还得学会化解这种威胁。创造一流意味着要接受最优秀的人,因为最优秀的人并不总是最容易相处的人。的确,事实是能使人们最具创造力、使他们最富挑战性、并使他们的思想令人振奋的特点同时也是这些人难以以最顺畅的方式适应社会的特点,而一流的大学能理解这一点,他们尽力去寻找这些最优秀的人。
对保持一流大学很重要的第三点是:这些大学必须不断寻找方式来衡量自己,不断寻找方式来给自己追求卓越的压力。在商界,在追求经济效益的领域中,毕竟,大多数的机构都是如此,他们有一种现成的方式来衡量他们是否是一流的。这就是账本底线。这就是利润。而大学却没有这样的衡量标准。因此,大学需要寻找其他的方式来确保自己总是朝一流大学的方向去努力。
那么,这些方式是什么呢?其中之一就是鼓励学者们去寻找外面的研究基金。在哈佛大学,我们的科学家所进行的很大一部分的研究并没有得到学校的资助。部分理由是因为我们的经费紧缺。我们想确保这些有限的经费能被用来支持那些如果大学不提供资金,其他人也不会资助的领域,这样,我们就能把我们的资金用在刀刃上。另一个很重要的原因是:有些能够提供研究基金的机构也在做他们自己的调查、做他们自己的监管,他们对什么是最出色的研究项目会做出自己的评判。当他们进行这些评判时,资金就会流向那些能不断出成果的人,而不会再流向那些成果很少的人那里去。
在大学,我们还做其他一些很重要的事,而且,我们还会在以后会更加积极地去做这些事。这就是:对于学校的每一部门,我们都会邀请世界上顶尖级的专家来评审我们的项目,告诉我们这项管理进展的如何、它的作用发挥的怎样。我们用这些评审来作为我们确定未来方向的基础。我们不允许那些正在负责某一项目的人来选择谁来评审这一项目。相反,我们会从外面寻找那些最挑剔的人来做评审。
这一原则不只适用于各种项目,而且也适用于个人。在一个人被任命为哈佛大学的教授之前,他需要得到的不只是其所在领域将会成为其同事的人的认可,我们还会发信给他所在领域的各方面的顶尖级专家。这些专家要把这个人与同一领域的其他人进行比较,在任命任何人为哈佛大学教授之前,我们都会对这些评审进行仔细考虑。比较和竞争是给自己压力去不断追求一流的重要方式。
大学的第四个方面是非常微妙和复杂的。那就是:大学以集体价值观的名义把自己置于很强的领导之下,这一点很具有讽刺意味。我曾强调过美国的总统也无权任命任何一个人作哈佛大学的教授。但是,同时,美国一流大学的目标就是要产生很强的领导人物。试想如果哈佛大学的一个学院有一个新院长的空缺。这个新院长产生的程序是什么?在世界很多地方,在全世界很多大学里,新院长往往都是由这个学院的教员投票选出来的,或新院长是基于某一学院大多数教授的同意而被选出来的。这种方式是很有效的。当一群教授做得很成功时,他们会从自己中间选出一个能使他们的成功最有效地延续的人。但是,这样做也会常常产生平庸的人,出现不少弊病,因为,当一个机构运作的不是很好的时候,如果要选出一个新的领导,人们选出的常常是一个不具威胁性的新领导,而不是一个能承诺创造出卓越的新领导。这也就是为什么,在哈佛大学,我们给予大学校长这个权力来任命各个学院的新院长。这也就是为什么,在一流大学里,大学董事会来选择大学校长,而不是通过大多数学生和教工的同意来选择校长。
如果说我在哈佛大学作为世界一流大学之际,非常荣幸地当上了哈佛大学校长,我确信其中很重要的一个原因是:我只是自1860年美国内战结束后第七个成为哈佛大学校长的人。确实,让有很强的领导才能的人长期担任职务的这一传统,使得大学能在不断变化的时代持续更新自己。
我认为以上列举的每一方面:很强的领导层、竞争、外来的审察、对人才的无情竞争、与政治的分离,都非常重要,因为其中的每一条都不容易做到,每一条都很难。但是,在知识变得越来越重要的这一时代,这些方面不只在大学,而且在全社会,都变得很常见。
摆在我的大学、美国的大学、还有,依我之见,全世界其他大学面前的主要挑战是什么?我将重点谈论五个大的挑战,五个我认为是非常重要的大问题。我想,对这些问题,我们有一些答案,但是,可以肯定,我们并不是对每一个问题都有答案。
首先,努力设法解决全球化的问题,把我们最优秀的东西传播出去。从很多方面来讲,世界与从前相比已经变得越来越小了。正如我在演讲刚开始的时候提到的,十年前中国发展的状况,那时人们没有办法从中国往美国打电话,这表明我们现在比二十年前交流的机会多多了。一年前,如果你让美国人说出世界哪一个地方非常遥远、非常落后,而且对美国无足轻重,他们很有可能会选阿富汗,这是袭击纽约的本·拉登恐怖分子的大本营。我们需要调整大学的的教育来促进学生不光是对他们所居住的社区的了解,而且要促使他们了解全世界。我们应该保持一种社会感,这会极大地促进大学的成功。
想达到这种平衡并不容易。哈佛大学与中国的紧密合作很重要,但是,如果这些合作只在中国进行,那它就很难使远在马萨诸塞州剑桥区的哈佛学生受益。因此,促进我们对全球化的参与、对全球化的理解、同时又保持我们的社会感,这些都是首要的、关键的挑战。
第二个关键的挑战是保持大学的社区感,大学的自治感,因为知识已经变得越来越有用和实际,而且被更广大的社会需要。我,作为一个经济学教授,一直被认为是做抽象研究的的人,也都有机会担任我们国家的财政部长。当我以部长这一身份访问世界时,我也遇到了许多其他曾经是教授的人在他们各自的国家担任着类似的职务。一个接一个的领域,出于实际的原因,人们对一流思想的需求为大学创造了巨大的、充分发挥其贡献的机会,但是,同时,也产生了巨大的挑战······
第三点,……我们现在面临的挑战是保持我们对那些从目前来看不是很有实用价值的知识领域的承诺。我认为,正如我在这个演讲的刚开头提到的,人们无法预测未来什么知识领域会很有价值,对此我深信不疑。适当的起作用的思考会使我们探索的范围更大、更广。
但是,当我们急急忙忙地处理一些被每一代人再度提出的问题时,我们又遇到一个挑战,那就是:我们不应该忘记一些永恒的问题,如人性的本质、人类的冲突、人类家庭以及许多传统文学名著中所描述到的一些进退两难的困境。在我们下决心要变得精明和目的明确时,我们不应该牺牲培养学生博学睿智的机会。这是大学非常重要的义务,因为,如果大学在管理方面的训练做得少一点,社会上其他的机构会在这方面做得更多一点。如果大学不全面考虑未来商业的行为准则,其他机构会考虑这一点。但是如果大学不研究古代的手稿,如果大学不寻求对历史的理解,那么这些东西很可能就会失传。这将会是人类的悲剧性的损失,也是我们造成的悲剧性的牺牲。
第四,大学必须适应不断变化的知识结构。我们必须以某种方式调整我们的大学设置。这就是为什么我们会有法学院;这就是为什么我们有教育学院;这就是为什么我们有物理和化学系;这也就是为什么我们有社会学和经济学系。但是,尽管存在着一个人类传统的知识结构,然而,没有任何知识是一模一样的——没有知识,是永恒不变的。当学者变得越来越专业化,这一点就变得越来越有道理。以前,据说有一些人可以掌握所有的知识;后来,据说有一些人可以掌握某一学科,如物理和经济学,中所有的知识;今天,要掌握一个学科中的一个分支学科,如宏观经济学的知识,都已经变得越来越难了。但是,同时,很多非常重要的发现都是跨越传统学科界限的,无论是在化学和生物之间,还是在考虑应用于音乐研究和文学研究的共同主题,或是在把教学的广泛应用扩大到人类探寻的越来越多的领域。我们必须准备去利用这些重要的边缘学科领域的研究。
最后,大学需要适应这一不断变幻的世界所带来的变化的机会。在未来,教育将会变成一个终生的需求。我们已经看到被人们称之为“燃料箱”的这一教育模式的结束,在这种教育模式下,人们年轻时用知识来给自己填充燃料,接下来在其一生的工作中逐渐消耗所学的知识,直到退休。现在,通过英特网向数千英里以外的人传送知识的机会大大地增加了。因此,教学本身、教学对象和教学方法都要改变。在一个重要科学领域,如粒子物理,的主要研究论文现在有三百个合著者。诸如人类基因组测序之类的研究项目耗资数十亿美元。这种工作规模的变化、合作本质的变化都会改变或迫使我们改变大学的这种我行我素的传统。但是,同时,正是我们对最有创造力的个人的尊重才会常常产生重大的成就。使大学适应这些新的机会,但是又保存它最有特色的地方,这也是我们这个时代所面临的另一挑战。
今天,我在此尝试着谈论了一些我认为对大学来说至关重要的几个方面和大学面临的一些挑战。我希望我表达的观点是正确。但是,我更希望我提出了正确的问题,因为我坚持认为,如果,在一个时代,一个社会的富裕和成功是建立在如何更好地生产粮食上;而在另一个时代,一个社会的富裕和成功是建立在如何更好地生产和运用钢铁;那么,在我们正在前进的当今世界上,一个社会的富裕和成功是建立在如何产生和运用知识。在这点上,没有什么机构能比大?
Laurence Summers professor in the wonderful speech
Abstract: Harvard University professor of Harvard University President Laurence Summers by invitation, and make a wonderful speech, let all of many teachers and students benefit. The following is the Laurence Summers professor of the content of speech:
Min president, president Xu ebullience, thank you speech, thank you for my expressed by the warm and friendly, and also thank you for Harvard University delegation expressed warm and friendly.
I believe, Harvard University delegation visit to Beijing is the history of our visit to China the largest delegation. I think, this shows that the Chinese in twenty-first Century on the world stage. It also shows that our joint efforts: the pursuit of knowledge, imparting knowledge and educating people. To come to China and the world's best university one visit, I feel very excited. More pleased me was that I could have the opportunity to talk with so many students they would inherit the world.
If you think of our university have done, if you can think seriously about globalization this phenomenon, I think today's special status and the phenomenon of globalization has been clearly shown to the whole world is a profound transformation. This is: compared with prior knowledge of the human activities, each hand has become more and more important. Think of some examples around us. I believe, two centuries later, when everything happens today is recorded in the annals of history when, the fall of the Berlin wall and the end of the cold war can only be in the history books are placed in the second position. Be in the first place should be in twentieth Century after fifty years, ten or nearly two billion people entered the modern society; in ten years people's living standard double growth, and in ten years hundreds of millions of people's living standard has increased. I believe, in the history of the second millennium, this event to the Renaissance and industrial revolution comparable.
These growth center is? This is the center of china. China for nearly two centuries, has undergone tremendous changes. The center is also the knowledge, knowledge dissemination and diffusion, as in Europe and North America simply can not find a country like China in the last ten years and the last ten years there is growing so quickly.
This reflects the modern science and technology integration provides a great opportunity. This also reflects the power of knowledge. Some things are worth us to think: we are now living in a human history, science can understand the disease process potential. In our present here one can see the day, science has the potential in each of a molecular level to understand what had gone wrong, what makes human suffering and death, and find some operable way, find a treatment approach to these disorders. In the US this time, we can more than any other in the history of human age more can see progress in medicine development potential.
It is also concerned with what? It is also associated with the increased knowledge regarding. We know that knowledge is in constant increase, know that the academic research process, know knowledge in its search for was not evident in the use process. We know that good at discover novelty of this gift; we also know that a variety of body function.
Let me the knowledge is a general comment, that is, you can't say the most useful knowledge from what Erlai, you can't predict it from where; you can design some programs to find the useful knowledge in the form of what is.
Let me give you two contrasting examples. Maybe in some respects, our professor at the University of the most abstract subject is maths. Perhaps in the field of mathematics is used is the least number theory, namely, the study of numbers. Among you any one had the email will from in the past twenty-five years was found in the number theory of benefit, because of the prime ( translator's note, terminology: only by 1 and the number itself divisible number ) is the study of coding calculation procedure based, this program is today every aspect of electronic communication and electronic exchange foundation. From these, we have the most abstract category of knowledge.
I'll give you a very different examples. This example is from the situation is the difficult part of the world, and, in a sense, today we use this example seems strange. Over the years, the United States to the peace of the world 's great contributions at camp David in 1978 is one of the Middle East conflict in the Israeli-Palestinian agreement. Obviously, we are not the only way to Middle East peace today, but that leads to stable important step, it is involved in the negotiations said, our president is a kind of ability is that he can contribute to the Israeli-Palestinian peace key. This ability is that he can from each of a controversial place" Bible" and in the" Bible" of the role of the talking. The study of religion and on 2000 before historical research, it seems abstract and abstruse, however, the knowledge of a key, the actual achievements is very important.
People can not stop from University of nearly every field of knowledge to talk about the importance of knowledge, however, I think there is a kind of knowledge is very difficult for us to grasp, it is to predict which types of research, which type of pure theoretical exploration on future society and make the greatest contribution. But, equally, because we cannot predict which types of knowledge will make great contribution to our society, we can be confident that, new knowledge, new ideas, new methods and clever ideas for our future is very important.
Obviously, this is not only the pursuit of knowledge innovation appears more and more in the University, and appeared in the commercial operations of the organization, these very practical and profit driven mechanism in our society to do the planning. Not long ago once, I and the United States of America a famous university professor of astrophysics chat, he asked me, which agencies employ doctoral graduates up to. I think, there may be a Harvard University, there may be an observatory. And he gave me the answer is Morgan Stanley, the United States of America 's biggest investment bank. The bank has been in search for those extremely qualified, so have the ability to do quantitative research on talent, because these people in the financial market plays a large role.
Indeed, if we have a look these first-class commercial institutions, we will find that they are constantly looking for highly creative, the best educated, quality superior people. Indeed, if we have a look the world first-class institutions, we will find that they are increasingly began to have some of the characteristics of first-class university.
Then, the first-class university the most typical features is what? First: the value of ideas is the thinker has the quality to judge, but not by their position to judge. Harvard University Professor want their students to do some innovation. When students do research to validate a professor to put forward hypothesis or theory, the professor of course hope the results of this study will be confirmed after his hypothesis rather than against it. The professor who is also. However, no matter what is the result of this study, the professor will insist that this study is very important, be worth doing, be raised, also worth publishing. Harvard University professor of the theory of evolution some of our nature, environmental and economic problems have their unique insights; but every professor insist that the University's duty is to hire first-class, the most promising scholars to join their faculties, whether these scholars agree with the results of their research.
This emphasis on quality to judge thought practice is moving towards the world. Business people talk about the ruling group 's demise, talked about the importance of team spirit in the increase, when it comes to emphasize the importance of creativity. I dare say, this through quality rather than source to judge the thought method for nearly 20 years occurred in the Chinese revolution is crucial, it also to the Chinese society great progress is crucial.
University assumes second important task is to view various commitments, whether this man from any background, as long as he can for our outstanding contribution, we will attract him. It is also being more extensive efforts to catch up with the world. This has always been our constant pursuit of exploration of Harvard University. A century ago, Harvard University is a born to a wealthy family gentleman cultivation from the new England family young gentleman. It is not to have public school students; nor to the black students, nor to the girls open; nor to the birth in the United States most local students. In half a century ago, some Harvard faculty because of their religious beliefs and forced to leave school. Harvard University for some groups have limitations, because if not constrained by these groups, they become too much, will make people feel uncomfortable.
Now, Harvard is a very open university, whether boys or girls, no matter what your religion, wherever you come from, whether you come from the United States of America race which, whatever you from the world of any country, any person can enter the Harvard University. However, if we want to be more inclusive and open, if we want to benefit from diversification view of benefit, or further, if we want to get the most excellent teachers and students attracted to the Harvard University, we still have a long way to go. We must put our cast to the elitist network the bigger is better.
As the university evolution, the best and most sophisticated commercial institutions, leading some of the best national government, are no longer according to interpersonal relationships to pick a few elite, but to discover the most talented people, most will give them to contribute to the people. In this respect, we have a long way to go. However, we are making progress, our progress in large part based on the mode of university.
The third difference is the most real, most university special point, but this point in various agencies is more and more important. At this point, perhaps University and China has some similarities, that is: that in the long term problem. When we consider an academic study, we seek not just judge it tomorrow's influence, next week, next month or year effects, we are in the long run, as the ultimate can have the greatest impact on the knowledge contribution.
More and more first-class commercial institutions, social class groups, not only to move fast to use various opportunities, but also to focus on long-term benefits, they are investing in some not tomorrow, but in the future will have an impact on the thought.
Let me give you an example to illustrate the thirty years ago in the United States of America impossible things. The United States biological engineering if from its market value, is now worth hundreds of billions of dollars. In the history of the United States, which has never been a year to create such a high profit. How did this happen? This is because people see it will bring potential, they have a long-term vision. They made the investment, as the seat of the university to do. When the university to introduce first-class scholars, let them give full play to their imagination, try not to command them, rely on the idea, in the long run, it is these leading scholars will have the value of knowledge.
This is the University's most fundamental beliefs, it is in the United States has been the success of beliefs, and, I think, it will bring any wanted to follow the beliefs of the people bring success. The United States granted the patent in about 75%, from a very important aspect, is from a university based research inspired. From around the world in American University students wish that not for profit, also not" competition" with the United States University, have any kind of export business than as successful.
So, what makes the American University success? We are now on the founder of first-class university the best insights into what? I want to have a few aspects of the problem are discussed, I also want to have the University in the future development of some of the challenges faced are discussed.
First of all, the university should not subject to political interference and external control. At the Harvard University, regardless of is the governor of Massachusetts, was president of the United States have no power to decide who should be appointed as professor of economics, Professor of engineering and professor of medicine, they have no power to their friends or themselves to make gestures in Harvard University.
Let me tell you some other important things, I think this is also why the university can succeed is very important part. There are some people who make money in this very successful. They in the economy had made enormous contribution for the Harvard University. Sometimes, we used their names for the school buildings; sometimes we used their names for some of the projects; sometimes we also used their names for some of the position of professor. This morning when I introduce some of my colleagues, you may have noticed that many of them are titular professorship: someone called Ke Fen Stein professor of mathematics, a man called Tim, Professor of law, there are some other professor positions have also been mentioned. But there is one thing I can clearly tell you: you can go to Harvard University, the proposed commitments to a mathematics professor, Professor of political science and law professor aid; but you have no right to tell the Harvard University who should be appointed as the professor, or professor must believe what. If you do so, we would say that, but we also once said:" put your money to the other school. Put your money somewhere else." I stress this point because, I think, to understand the creation of intellectual excellence source, this is the founder of first-class university the most basic things.
The founder of first-class university second critical: the University trying to compete for the most outstanding talent. Earlier, in China at a party, I have been asked, to create the first-class university in the world, I can point to any suggestions. I said, in the long run, to create a first-class university, only one thing is very important, it is to have the most creative, most positive thinking, the smartest teacher. I said, if a university can successfully find excellent young scholars, attracting them in the work of the University, they will find some first-class scholars and students will be the first-class first-class scholars to Chung; many of the fund will flock to these leading scholars. Finally, to become a first-class university commitment is certain to be realized.
Create first-class means cannot have completely equal to everyone 's ideas; create first-class means to have such a concept, that is: with the new thinking of the people who have the most threatening ideas, but they learn to dissolve this threat. Create first-class means to accept the best people, as the most outstanding people are not always the most easy to get along with people. Indeed, the fact is that most people with creativity, making them the most challenging, and so they thought exciting features but also the people to the smooth way to adapt to the social characteristics, and first-class university can understand this, they try to find the best people.
To maintain a first-class university is very important third points are: the university must continue to find ways to measure their own, constantly looking for ways to give yourself the pursuit of excellence in pressure. In business, in the pursuit of economic benefits in the area, after all, most institutions are so, they have a ready way to measure whether or not they are first-class. This is the bottom line. It is profit. While the university had no such measure. Therefore, university need to find other ways to
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